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Topographical Studies

Drawings by Thakdanai Sairodroong (Bos)

“Culture is the agent, the natural area is the medium,

the cultural landscape the result.” (Sauer, 1963)

Thai spirituality is a unique mix of Buddhism, Phram and Hinduism, amongst other major religions such as Christianity and Islam. This page shares the topographical and architectural studies of the selected spiritual sites from Zen Teh's research process in Chiang Rai. These sites includes church, mosques, Buddhist temples and informal spiritual sites that evolved with mountainscape and mountainous form of both physical and imagined scales. Drawings of sites by Zen Teh are produced by Architectural Designer, Thakdanai Sairodroong (Bos) from Chiang Rai. 

Topographical mapping was conducted at these 7 selected sites – Chaopho Mon Daeng Shrine, Pangsa Islamic Mosque, Tupu Monastery/Wat Phrathat Thamtupu, Wat Phrathat Doi Tung, Wat Phrathat Doi Kong Khao, Wat Phrathat Wang Sang and Wat Phrathat Doi Chom Thong, amongst several others that Zen Teh has studied.

Environmental Conservation Through Religious Monk Work
Wat Phrathat Doi Kong Khao and Wat Phrathat Wang Sang (Buddhist)
Wat Phrathat Doi Kong Khao
Wat Phrathat Doi Kong Khao
Wat Phrathat Doi Kong Khao
Wat Phrathat Doi Kong Khao
Wat Phrathat Doi Kong Khao
Wat Phrathat Doi Kong Khao
Religion and its political influence can shape environmental conservation, hence deepening human-nature interactions over an accumulated period of time. Thailand as a Buddhist country inherently display the prowess of environmental conservation through monk work – the use of holy fabric and ritualistic practices bestows a sense of sacred spirituality to the trees in the selected areas, and sometimes the entire mountain (such as at Wat Phrathat Doi Tung, Wat Phrathat Doi Kong Khao, Wat Phrathat Wang Sang), preventing any deforestation or illegal logging to occur. Perhaps not always applicable to all areas, but the landscapes that Teh observed surrounding non-Buddhist sites don’t always have the same level of environmental conservation, despite the other religious groups interviewed sharing similar appreciation for nature.

Land changes due to development plans and private land ownership seems to be more common at non-Buddhist sites. In her site studies using drone videography nearby Pangsa Islamic Mosque, St. Stephen Church and Tupu Monastery/Wat Phrathat Thamtupu, such observations reflected some level of religious political dynamics in Thailand; albeit it does not connote that any religion is less sacred or important.
Wat Phrathat Wang Sang
8_edited_Wang Sang.jpg
Wat Phrathat Wang Sang
Wat Phrathat Wang Sang
Wat Phrathat Wang Sang
Wat Phrathat Wang Sang
Wat Phrathat Wang Sang
Wat Phrathat Thamtupu
Wat Phrathat Thamtupu
Wat Phrathat Thamtupu
Wat Phrathat Thamtupu
Spiritual Objects interact with Mountain Topography
Wat Phrathat Thamtupu (Buddhist)
layout_edited_ThamtupuThamtupu.jpg
Military or War-related Characters as Spiritual Figures of Worship
Chaopho Mon Daeng Shrine (Phram) and Wat Doi Chom Thong (Buddhist)
Model Chaopho Mon Daeng Shrine 8_edited_
The manifestation of spiritual practices in mountainous areas thus reflect a more-than-human way of thinking ingrained in Thai cultural values and practices where nature and spiritual objects of human and non-human forms are applied as offerings or representations of divinity. The use of animal sculptures as divine figures like the Naga, or protector of divine figures like elephants and tigers, or as offerings like the pigs or chickens within these mountainous or small hilly sites also reflects complex entanglement of human-nature relationship that is of both tension and respect.

Specific to the Lanna history and culture are also the stories of military or war-related figures that became divine figures for worship, such as at Chaopho Mon Daeng Shrine and at Wat Doi Ngam Mueung where the legend of King Mangrai founded Chiang Rai dominates the site. Such stories are more than folktales, they echo the history of Thailand’s centralisation of power and the continued evolution of the Thai political scene. They also highlight the role of religion in politics, a phenomenon not unique to Thailand but also resonate with the current political conditions and history in the region. 
Chaopho Mon Daeng Shrine 4_edited
Chaopho Mon Daeng Shrine 5_edited
Chaopho Mon Daeng Shrine
Chaopho Mon Daeng Shrine
Wat Doi Chom Thong
Worship of King Mengrai at Wat Doi Chom Thong
Wat Doi Chom Thong
Wat Doi Chom Thong
Wat Doi Chom Thong
Wat Doi Chom Thong
Tension Relationship Between Formally Established Buddhist Sites and Organically Evolving Phram Spiritual Site
Wat Phrathat Doi Tung and Phram Spiritual Site unable to co-exist in the same compound. Phram Spiritual Site is located by the carpark of Doi Tung while Wat Phrathat Doi Tung is on the peak of the mountain (Buddhism and Phram)
10_edited_Doi Tung.jpg
Plan View Tension between Wat Phrathat Doi Tung and Phram Spiritual Site_edited
Phram Spiritual Site at the carpark of Wat Phrathat Doi Tung
Wat Phrathat Doi Tung
Wat Phrathat Doi Tung
Wat Phrathat Doi Tung
Wat Phrathat Doi Tung
Wat Phrathat Doi Tung
Islamic Practice Values Communal Space More Than Spiritual Objects
Pangsa Islamic Mosque (Islam)
Pangsa Islamic Mosque
Pangsa Islamic Mosque
Pangsa Islamic Mosque
Pangsa Islamic Mosque
Pangsa Islamic Mosque
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